G.R. No. L-5603 - MARCH 1910 - PHILIPPINE JURISPRUDENCE CASE NUMBERCASE TITLE G.R. No. L-5603March 22, 1910 Walter E. Olsen & Co. vs. Insular Collector of Customs G.R. No. L-5599March 22, 1910 Maurice F. Loewenstein vs. H. C. Page G.R. No. L-5470March 22, 1910 Luis Saenz de Vizmanos Ong-Quico vs. Yap Chuan, et al. G.R. No. L-5464March 22, 1910 Maria N. Jose, et al. vs. Commander of the Philippine Squadron of the United States Navy G.R. No. L-5449March 22, 1910 Mariano Gonzalez, et al. vs. Alejandro Rojas G.R. No. L-5291March 22, 1910 United States vs. Facundo Bardelas G.R. No. L-5149March 22, 1910 Gregorio Macapinlac vs. Mariano Alimurong G.R. No. L-5022March 22, 1910 Murphy, Morris and Co. vs. Insular Collection of Customs G.R. No. L-5006March 22, 1910 Alejandra Policarpio vs. Luis Borja, et al. G.R. No. L-4977March 22, 1910 David Taylor vs. Manila Electric Railroad and Light Co. G.R. No. L-4907March 22, 1910 Carlos Gsell vs. Pedro Koch G.R. No. L-4901March 22, 1910 Teodoro Olgado vs. Municipal Council of the Municipality of the Lipa, et al. G.R. No. L-4713March 22, 1910 Chatamal Teerthdass vs. Pohoomul Brothers G.R. No. L-5673March 21, 1910 United States vs. Tan Sam Tao G.R. No. L-5620March 21, 1910 Unitd States vs. Ilongots Palidat, et al. G.R. No. L-5525March 21, 1910 Eugenio Pascual Lorenzo vs. H. B. McCoy G.R. No. L-5524March 21, 1910 Rafael O. Ramos vs. Hijos De I. de la Rama, et al. G.R. No. L-5487March 21, 1910 United States vs. Juan Pico G.R. No. L-5480March 21, 1910 Ricardo Lopez, et al. vs. Adolfo Olbes G.R. No. L-5183March 21, 1910 United States vs. Tan Tok G.R. No. L-4654March 21, 1910 Leon Caballero vs. Estefania Abellana, et al. G.R. No. L-4612March 21, 1910 Pablo Rallonza, et al. vs. Teodoro Evangelista, et al. G.R. No. L-4179March 21, 1910 Rafael L. Azada vs. Francisco G. Martinez, et al. G.R. No. L-5583March 19, 1910 G. Urrutia & Co. vs. Pasig Steamer and Lighter Co. G.R. No. L-5509March 19, 1910 United States vs. Felix Lopez G.R. No. L-5321March 19, 1910 United States vs. Pau Te Chin G.R. No. L-5272March 19, 1910 United States vs. Ah Chong G.R. No. L-5642March 18, 1910 United States vs. Vicente Arceo G.R. No. L-5535March 18, 1910 United states vs. Ciriaco Pellejera G.R. No. L-5381March 18, 1910 United States vs. Rufino Ancheta G.R. No. L-5254March 17, 1910 Aniceto Gomez Medel vs. Pedro Avecilla G.R. No. L-5596March 15, 1910 United States vs. Severino Barot G.R. No. L-5304March 15, 1910 United States vs. Nazario Palaosanon, et al. G.R. No. L-5255March 15, 1910 United States vs. Alejandro Monteli G.R. No. L-5112March 15, 1910 Francisca Breta vs. Smith, Bell & Co. G.R. No. L-5054March 15, 1910 Maria Falcon vs. Narciso L. Manzano G.R. No. L-5001March 15, 1910 Esteban Ranjo vs. Gregorio Salmon, et al. G.R. No. L-5560March 14, 1910 United States vs. Silvestre Quillo G.R. No. L-5611March 12, 1910 United States vs. Roman Valero G.R. No. L-5569March 12, 1910 United States vs. Agapito Biray G.R. No. L-5491March 12, 1910 United States vs. Primitivo Gamilla, et al. G.R. No. L-5396March 12, 1910 Canuto Reyes vs. Jacinto Limjap G.R. No. L-4991March 12, 1910 United States vs. Emilio Pimentel G.R. No. L-5502March 7, 1910 United States vs. Guillermo Romulo, et al. G.R. No. L-5426March 7, 1910 United States vs. Lino Sumangil G.R. No. L-5222March 7, 1910 United States vs. Santiago Alumisin, et al. G.R. No. L-5597March 5, 1910 United States vs. D. B. Jeffrey G.R. No. L-4508March 4, 1910 Marciana Conlu, et al. vs. Pablo Araneta, et al. G.R. No. L-5325March 3, 1910 United States vs. Amadeo Corral G.R. No. L-4811March 3, 1910 Ignacio Arroyo vs. Santos Capadocia, et al. G.R. No. L-4788March 3, 1910 Juana Urbano, et al. vs. Pedro Ramirez G.R. No. L-5676March 2, 1910 Lim Tiu, et al. vs. Ruiz Y Rementeria G.R. No. L-5629March 2, 1910 Luis Fructo vs. Maximiano Fuentes G.R. No. L-5606March 2, 1910 United States vs. Ramon Insierto G.R. No. L-5447March 1, 1910 Paul Reiss, et al. vs. Jose M. Memije The Lawphil Project - Arellano Law Foundation, Inc. Walter E. Olsen & Co. vs. Insular Collector of Customs Maurice F. Loewenstein vs. H. C. Page Luis Saenz de Vizmanos Ong-Quico vs. Yap Chuan, et al. Maria N. Jose, et al. vs. Commander of the Philippine Squadron of the United States Navy Mariano Gonzalez, et al. vs. Alejandro Rojas United States vs. Facundo Bardelas Gregorio Macapinlac vs. Mariano Alimurong Murphy, Morris and Co. vs. Insular Collection of Customs Alejandra Policarpio vs. Luis Borja, et al. David Taylor vs. Manila Electric Railroad and Light Co. Carlos Gsell vs. Pedro Koch Teodoro Olgado vs. Municipal Council of the Municipality of the Lipa, et al. Chatamal Teerthdass vs. Pohoomul Brothers United States vs. Tan Sam Tao Unitd States vs. Ilongots Palidat, et al. Eugenio Pascual Lorenzo vs. H. B. McCoy Rafael O. Ramos vs. Hijos De I. de la Rama, et al. United States vs. Juan Pico Ricardo Lopez, et al. vs. Adolfo Olbes United States vs. Tan Tok Leon Caballero vs. Estefania Abellana, et al. Pablo Rallonza, et al. vs. Teodoro Evangelista, et al. Rafael L. Azada vs. Francisco G. Martinez, et al. G. Urrutia & Co. vs. Pasig Steamer and Lighter Co. United States vs. Felix Lopez United States vs. Pau Te Chin United States vs. Ah Chong United States vs. Vicente Arceo United states vs. Ciriaco Pellejera United States vs. Rufino Ancheta Aniceto Gomez Medel vs. Pedro Avecilla United States vs. Severino Barot United States vs. Nazario Palaosanon, et al. United States vs. Alejandro Monteli Francisca Breta vs. Smith, Bell & Co. Maria Falcon vs. Narciso L. Manzano Esteban Ranjo vs. Gregorio Salmon, et al. United States vs. Silvestre Quillo United States vs. Roman Valero United States vs. Agapito Biray United States vs. Primitivo Gamilla, et al. Canuto Reyes vs. Jacinto Limjap United States vs. Emilio Pimentel United States vs. Guillermo Romulo, et al. United States vs. Lino Sumangil United States vs. Santiago Alumisin, et al. United States vs. D. B. Jeffrey Marciana Conlu, et al. vs. Pablo Araneta, et al. United States vs. Amadeo Corral Ignacio Arroyo vs. Santos Capadocia, et al. Juana Urbano, et al. vs. Pedro Ramirez Lim Tiu, et al. vs. Ruiz Y Rementeria Luis Fructo vs. Maximiano Fuentes United States vs. Ramon Insierto Paul Reiss, et al. vs. Jose M. Memije The Lawphil Project - Arellano Law Foundation, Inc.

Republic of the Philippines
SUPREME COURT
Manila

EN BANC

G.R. No. L-5603             March 22, 1910

WALTER E. OLSEN AND CO.,plaintiffs-appellees,
vs.
THE INSULAR COLLECTOR OF CUSTOMS,defendant-appellant.

Office of the Solicitor-General Harvey, for appellant.
Lionel D. Hargis, for appellees.

MORELAND,J.:

This is an appeal from a judgment of the Court of First Instance which overruled a decision of the Insular Collector of Customs, requiring payment of duty upon certain packing cases, under Rule 18 of the Tariff Revision Law of 1905.

The respondents, Walter E. Olsen and Co., imported into the Philippine Islands certain manufactured tobacco, which was classified by the Collector of Customs at the port of Manila under paragraph 364 of the Tariff Law as "Tobacco . . . (b) manufactured, net weight, kilo, one dollar."

The tobacco was packed in a small cotton sacks, a number of which tin boxes were inclosed in a wooden box or packing case, which was securely fastened for shipment. The Collector of Customs included the weight of the tin boxes in the dutiable weight of the tobacco. Against this ruling the importers protested, on the ground "that the tin casing in which the sacks of tobacco were inclosed should not be figured and included as net weight; of the tobacco, but should be classified under its own weight; that the immediate receptacle of the tobacco is the sacks in which the tobacco is packed." In overruling this protest the Insular Collector of Customs said:

From this decision an appeal was taken to the Court of First Instance, which reversed the ruling of the Collector. The court said:

A statute, such as that the Rule 18, should be construed in a broad and liberal way. The particular sentence or phrase under consideration should be read in connection with other provisions of the statute of which it forms a part. The Act attempts to provide specific rules for the levying and adjusting of duties on packing, packages, and receptacles for dutiable goods. The general rule is first states that "common merchandise in use and imported with such merchandise shall be dutiable under their corresponding paragraphs of the Tariff except in cases of goods dutiable by gross weight orad valorem." If the merchandise is dutiable upon the gross weight, the dutiable weight "shall include the weight of all covers, receptacles, wrappers, packages, and packing of every description, whether exterior, interior, or immediate, without any allowance for tare." If the merchandise is dutiable upon the net weight, "the dutiable weight of such merchandise shall not include the weight of any common exterior cover, receptacle, package, wrappers, or packing, but shall include all interior or immediate receptacles," that is, packing, receptacles and coverings shall pay duty as such under the proper paragraph of the law, except when the goods in the cover or receptacle are dutiable by gross weight orad valorem, in which case the coverings and packings of every nature are included in the weight upon which the duty is estimated. A distinction is made between exterior, interior and immediate receptacles, and it is evident that these words as here used are not synonymous. It is a recognition of the fact that the importer may pack his goods for shipment in such manner that there may be either exterior, interior, or immediate, as well as exterior or immediate receptacles. If the merchandise is dutiable upon the net weight, the dutiable weight shall not include any common exterior covering, receptacle, package, wrapper, or packing, but shall includeallinterior or immediate receptacles.

The articles under consideration were dutiable upon their net weight. The law recognizes that they may be so packed that there will be exterior, interior and immediate receptacles. The shipper may pack his goods as his interest or convenience dictates. The common exterior cover must be excluded, and the immediate receptacle must be included in the dutiable weight. If the shipper thinks it to his advantage to inclose certain of the immediate receptacles in a receptacle common to them only, he may import them in that form, because the exterior cover is then the common cover of the immediate receptacles. If he chooses to make these packages into one large package with an exterior cover common to them all, what were originally common covers become interior receptacles of the immediate receptacles, with an exterior common cover of them all. Rule 18 then says that the net weight of the dutiable merchandise shall include all of these interior or immediate receptacles. This means all interior receptaclesandall immediate receptacles. To construe the words "interior" and "immediate" as synonymous would be to render the phrase meaningless and to lose sight of the fact that the statute in the preceding paragraph clearly recognizes the difference between interior and immediate receptacles. We therefore construe Rule 18 to mean that the exterior covering when common to all shall be included, and all other receptacles, whether interior or immediate, shall be included in the dutiable weight of the merchandise.

The court below held each tin box to be " an additional exterior covering." There is no provision made in the law for "additional exterior" coverings. Provision is made only for acommonexterior covering. We have in this case a large wooden box inclosing ten tin boxes, each tin box, in its turn, inclosing ten bags, of tobacco. In determining how many exterior coverings are contemplated by the law, we must take into consideration that Rule 18, to speak figuratively, is looking at the wooden box as a whole. This is necessarily so because it is the specific package upon which duty is to be levied — that is to say, it is the unit of dutiability. If there were more than one such box, each one would, in the same way, be looked at separately. In other words, there would be as many separate applications of the rule as there are separate visible packages. If we look at each wooden box as a whole, as the unit of dutiability, it is evident, as a matter of language, that there is only onecommonexterior covering so far as that box and its contents are concerned. This must necessarily be so because there can not be acommonexterior covering for two or more boxes which are entirely separated from each other, each one capable of being moved and transported independently and widely separated portions of uninclosed space. Two objects which are inclosed in a common covering are incapable of separation from each other farther than the limits of the common covering. The instant that one of two objects inclosed in a common covering comes to occupy a portion of space not inclosed in the common receptacle, that instant the covering ceases to be common in its relation to those two objects.

It is apparent, therefore, that as to all of the tin boxes inclosed in the wooden covering there is but one common covering. To be sure, each tin box is, in a sense, a common covering as to the ten bags of tobacco contained in it,but it is not common as to the other tin boxes within the same wooden covering. When we say that each tin box is a common covering as to all the bags within it, we are looking atonly a part of the shipment; we are dividing the unit of dutiability. We are not looking at the shipment as a whole. As we have before stated, a proper interpretation of Rule 18 requires that each box occupying a separate portion of uninclosed or theretofore unoccupied space must be looked at separately, each being a separate and distinct package to which the rule must be applied in levying the] duty. The word "common," by force of its definition, refers to all the ten tin boxes. The words "common exterior covering" refer, for the same reason, to all of the ten tin boxes. Under the facts of this case, there can be only one coveringcommon to them alland there can be only one coveringexterior to them all.

The foregoing, it seems to us, disposes of that interpretation of the court below whereby each tin box is held to be "an additional exterior covering." From the very nature of things there can be, under the facts, butoneexterior covering for everything within that covering. The confusion arises, as before pointed out, from not look ng at the wooden box or covering as a whole. It is not permissible to look at the wooden box as ten separate tin boxes, for if it be so regarded, then those provisions of Rule 18 relating to thecommon exterior coveringand theinteriorreceptacles have lost completely their significance. The rule, by the entity upon which, or the contents of which, duty is to be levied; and the descriptions of the articles which are dutiable or not the dutiable within said wooden covering refer for their significance and meaning to the wooden covering. The words "interior" and "immediate" have no meaning apart from that which is "exterior" to all.

It having been demonstrated that there is the onlyonecommon exterior covering and that one the wooden box or case, it necessarily follows that the tin boxes in question can not be in any sense a common or exterior covering. Being neither common nor exterior, they must, then, be either interior or immediate. In this case they can not be both. It is admitted by all that the cotton bags are the immediate coverings. The tin boxes can not, therefore, be immediate, as they and the cotton bags can not perform the same office at the same time. As a necessary result, the words "interior" and "immediate" can not have been meant by the statute to be synonymous. The words "all" and "receptacles" in the phrase "all interior or immediate receptacles," both in the plural, strengthen this conclusion. The result thus reached avoids rendering meaningless the phrase in question and doing violence to the structure of the preceding paragraph of the statute.

The judgment of the court below is hereby reversed and the decision of the Insular Collector of Customs affirmed, without special finding as to costs of this instance.

Arellano, C.J., Torres, Mapa, Johnson and Carson, JJ.,concur.